Functional polymorphism among members of abscisic acid receptor family(ZmPYL) in maize

Pyrabactin resistance 1-like proteins(PYLs) are direct receptors of abscisic acid(ABA). For the redundant and polymorphic functions, some members of the PYL family interact with components of other signaling pathways. Here, 253 positive colonies from a maize cDNA library were screened as interacting proteins with the members of ZmPYL family. After sequencing and function annotation, 17 of 28 interaction combinations were verified by yeast two-hybrid(Y2 H). The germination potential, taproot length and proline content of a quartet mutant of Arabidopsis PYL genes were significantly deceased comparing to the wild type(WT) under alkaline stress(pH 8.5) and 100 μmol L–1 methyl jasmonate(MeJA) induction. The malondialdehyde(MDA) content was significantly increased. After germinating in darkness, the characteristics of dark morphogenesis of the quartet mutant seedlings were more obvious than those of the WT. The differential expression of the related genes of photomorphogenesis in the mutant was much more than that in the WT. Three light and two JA responsive cis-affecting elements were identified during the promoter sequences of the AtPYL1 and AtPYL2 genes. These results suggested that functional polymorphism has evolved among the members of ZmPYL family. In response to developmental and environmental stimuli, they not only function as direct ABA receptors but also interact with components of other signaling pathways mediated JA, brassinosteroid(BR), auxin, etc., and even directly regulate downstream stress-related proteins. These signaling pathways can interact at various crosstalk points and different levels of gene expression within a sophisticated network.     

Weed community responses to soil type during transition to no-till practice on smallholder farms in Zimbabwe

Understanding drivers of weed density and diversity is essential for the development of weed management strategies. Here, we compared temporal changes in weed density and diversity under no-till (NT) and conventional (CONV) tillage systems in cotton–maize rotations on loam, clay loam and sandy loam soils immediately after transition to NT in Kadoma, Zimbabwe. The effect of tillage system on weed density varied through the growth season and was dependent upon soil type and species composition of the weed community. Although weed responses to tillage system varied amongst species, we identified general trend effects on weed density on specific soils. At 3 weeks after crop emergence (WACE), weed density on loam soils was 76% and 96% higher in NT than in CONV during the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons, respectively, and on clay loam soils it was 37% and 33% higher in NT than CONV, respectively. Weed densities in NT and CONV were similar across all soil types at 6 WACE during the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons and at 9 WACE in 2009/2010. Tillage system did not affect weed density during the growth season on sandy loam soils. Weed diversity (Shannon index) was at least 75% higher in NT than CONV on loam and clay loam soils at 3 WACE during both seasons. It is likely these increases in weed densities following conversion to NT will exacerbate already prevalent weed management problems in the smallholder sector. Earlier weeding is recommended to suppress weed emergence and reduce likely associated crop yield losses.     

华北地区夏玉米生产中磷素利用特征研究

为评估当前中国华北地区夏玉米生产中的磷素利用效率和影响因素,促进磷肥资源高效利用和降低损失和污染,本研究通过收集1980年以来公开发表的夏玉米田间试验的文献,对华北地区夏玉米磷肥试验数据进行收集、整理和分析,获得了夏玉米的籽粒与秸秆产量及其比例,以及施磷量与籽粒和秸秆磷含量的关系模型。研究发现,随着施磷量的增加,土壤-夏玉米作物系统的磷素表观盈亏量呈线性增加,在施磷达到75 kg/hm ²时,磷素表观盈亏量为0。华北地区的夏玉米磷肥平均利用效率约为15%;增加氮肥施用量以及与磷合理配施有利于提高磷肥利用效率。整体上,夏玉米对磷酸二铵的利用效率高于过磷酸钙;有机肥和化肥配施可以有效提高磷肥利用效率。夏玉米‘天泰60’品种的磷肥利用效率最高。在华北地区夏玉米生产中,选用磷酸二铵以及适合的氮肥水平、有机肥与化肥配施,可以提高磷肥利用效率,降低磷肥损失和环境污染风险。     

四甲基戊二酸对夏玉米光合生产特征的调控效应

为研究四甲基戊二酸(TGA)对夏玉米光合特征和产量的调控效应, 2018、2019年在中国农业科学院新乡试验基地开展大田试验,以中单909 (ZD909)和京农科728 (JNK728)为试验材料,设置5个TGA施用梯度(0、75、150、225和300 g hm~(–2))。结果表明,适宜剂量的TGA处理可提高玉米产量、延缓玉米生育期内功能叶的衰老速率,增强灌浆期的净光合速率,试验条件下TGA的最佳施用量为150 g hm~(–2)。在TGA最佳施用量下, ZD909和JNK728的产量相比对照2年平均分别增加8.7%和11.7%。2个品种玉米生育期内叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量和光合势相比对照平均分别增加14.3%和19.7%、18.7%和22.7%、10.9%和16.9%;而叶片衰老速率相比对照平均降低了55.9%和56.5%;灌浆期的净光合速率相比对照平均分别增加44.0%和58.4%。相关性分析表明,玉米产量与生育期内叶片衰老速率呈显著负相关,而与灌浆期净光合速率呈显著正相关。综上, TGA处理能够提高叶片叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量,延缓玉米叶片衰老速率,并提高了灌浆期净光合速率,进而实现玉米增产。     

支持转速现场标定的玉米精密排种器电驱控制系统研究

针对现有玉米精密电驱排种控制系统无法快速适应多类型排种器排种控制的问题,在玉米CAN总线电动排种的基础上,设计了一种对玉米排种器排种驱动进行现场标定的电驱控制系统。系统在排种驱动电动机控制信号与排种盘转速之间的对应关系中,采用分段线性插值的方法现场获取排种器驱动曲线,实现排种盘转速标定与控制。以国产气吸式玉米精密排种器和指夹式玉米精密排种器为试验对象,在模拟车速下,对系统排种盘转速现场标定的控制准确性进行试验。电驱气吸式排种器排种盘转速控制性能试验中,株距设定为25 cm,车速设定为3~12 km/h(间隔3 km/h),结果表明,系统调节时间最长为0.80 s,稳态误差最大为0.81 r/min,控制精度最低为97.42%。电驱指夹式排种器排种盘转速控制性能试验中,株距分别设定为20、25、32 cm,车速设定为4~9 km/h(间隔1 km/h),结果表明,总体排种盘转速平均调节时间为1.09 s,标准差为0.26 s;总体平均稳态误差为0.38 r/min,标准差为0.23 r/min;总体平均控制精度为98.30%,标准差为1.01%。与分段PID排种转速控制系统控制性能进行对比得出,支持转速现场标定的系统具有更好的适应性,平均调节时间减少0.51 s,平均稳态误差增大0.16 r/min,平均控制精度降低0.63个百分点。选用指夹式排种器,进行了播种均匀性田间试验,株距为20 cm,车速范围为4~7 km/h(间隔1 km/h),结果表明,播种合格指数大于等于84.26%,变异系数小于等于18.29%,说明系统能够完成对玉米精密排种器排种转速控制曲线的高控制精度现场标定,能够精准控制电驱排种转速。     

Spraying exogenous synthetic cytokinin 6‐benzyladenine following the waterlogging improves grain growth of waterlogged maize in the field

6‐Benzyladenine (6‐BA, a synthetic cytokinin) could improve the ability to resist adversity. However, very little attention has been given to its role in alleviating waterlogging damages on grain growth. A field experiment was performed to investigate effects of exogenous 6‐BA after waterlogging for 6 days at the third leaf stage (V3‐WL + 6‐BA) or the sixth leaf stage (V6‐WL + 6‐BA) on grain filling, and endogenous hormone of summer maize hybrids DengHai605 (DH605) and ZhengDan958 (ZD958), which were planted popularly in China. Exogenous 6‐BA alleviated waterlogging damages on grain filling by improving grain weight and volume, which was beneficial to yield increase. Grain yield of DH605 under V3‐WL + 6‐BA and V6‐WL + 6‐BA increased by 16% and 12%, respectively, compared with that of V3‐WL (waterlogging at the third leaf stage) and V6‐WL (waterlogging at the sixth leaf stage), while the corresponding values for ZD958 increased by 20% and 15%, respectively. Moreover, exogenous 6‐BA alleviated waterlogging damages on grain endogenous hormone content by increasing levels of endogenous indole‐3‐acetic acid, zeatin riboside, and gibberellic acid, and decreasing level of abscisic acid in grain of waterlogged summer maize during grain‐filling periods. Clearly, exogenous 6‐BA improved grain‐filling characteristics, and endogenous hormone, resulting in a significant yield increase of waterlogged summer maize.     

不同春玉米品种茎秆显微结构对抗折强度的响应

以冀西北寒旱区9个春玉米品种为研究对象,通过测定玉米基部第3节抗折强度,利用光学显微镜观察其茎节显微结构,对维管束各项显微指标与节折强度进行相关分析,研究春玉米节折强度与茎秆显微结构之间的关系。结果表明,不同春玉米品种间节折强度达显著水平。对各品种维管束显微指标进行统计分析表明,维管束鞘厚度和表皮细胞厚度变异系数最大,分别达到34.8%和23.2%;茎节维管束数目增多不利于节折强度的提高(r=-0.945**,r=-0.927**),维管束平均面积、韧皮部面积增大有利于节折强度的增加(r=0.831*,r=0.799*;r=0.733*,r=0.786*)。通径分析表明,维管束数目对节折强度的直接效应最大,表皮细胞厚度次之,维管束最大面积、维管束鞘厚度、韧皮部面积等指标也通过维管束数目对茎折强度起间接作用。参试品种中,京农科728、纪元108维管束数目较少,维管束平均面积、韧皮部面积较大,茎折强度较高,抗倒伏性优于其他品种。     

夏玉米产量时空变化及气候年型分析

定量分析夏玉米同一品种产量及产量构成要素时空变化,探讨造成产量时空差异的气候年型组合变化特征。基于2004～2013年夏玉米种植区郑单958多点田间试验数据分析表明,夏玉米区域平均产量为9 055 kg/hm~2,年际差为1 635 kg/hm~2,变幅为18.1%;地点差4 258 kg/hm~2,变幅为47.1%。夏玉米区域平均千粒重为313 g,年际变幅为13.1%;地点变幅为27.8%。夏玉米区域平均穗粒数为479,年际变幅为18.0%,地点变幅为38.7%。千粒重的增加导致夏玉米产量显著增加。穗粒数显著降低和时空差异大是造成产量波动和时空差异变幅大的主要原因。夏玉米产量和产量构成要素,低产点受各气候要素变化的影响显著;平产点受温度和日最高温度大于33℃的天数影响显著;高产点受降水影响显著。     

山东地区夏玉米的高产种植技术

随着我国市场经济的不断发展和农业供给侧的不断改革，玉米价格呈现出大幅度下降趋势， 玉米种植面积也急剧下降。为了提高玉米的产量和效益，科学推广和应用玉米高产种植技术是当务 之急，同时也是玉米产业快速发展的必然趋势。基于以上情况，本文从精细播种、苗期管理、玉米穗期 管理、花粒期管理五个方面入手，研究了夏玉米高产种植技术。希望通过这次研究，为相关种植人员 提供有效的参考。     

我国玉米生产现状及发展变革

近年来，随着农业供给侧结构性改革的实施，玉米价格回落，玉米生产出现了高生产、高库存、效益低、卖粮难等突出问题，农民种植积极性受挫，玉米生产面临变革。未来玉米产业如何定位、如何发展，种植面积调减只是第一步，更为重要的是对玉米生产各环节的优化和升级。通过梳理我国当前玉米生产、消费和需求现状，从农业种植结构、劳动力结构变化、生产经营方式、品种创新、质量安全、生产潜力提高等方面进行了分析研究，提出了优化产业结构、稳定玉米生产，适应劳动力变化、加快土地集中耕种、提高种植效益，加快玉米品种原始创新、培育多元优质高效型品种，多措并举、提高玉米安全质量，种养结合、培肥地力、持续提高玉米生产潜力等具体措施。最终实现多元、优质、高产、高效及生态、智慧、可持续的玉米生产现代化。